Service sector. Presentation on geography “Communication

Today in the lesson we will look at communications and the service sector: composition and level of development.

Communication is a branch of the economy that provides the reception and transmission of information.

Communication is divided into two main types: postal and electrical.

What do you think the postal service does?

(Student answers:Postal services are engaged in the reception, transportation and delivery of various postal items (letters, parcels, etc.).

“ Postal service first appeared in Siberia in 1698. I went 3 times in the summer from Moscow to Tobolsk, then to Yeniseisk, Nerchinsk and Yakutsk. A telephone exchange appeared in Krasnoyarsk in 1862. Since 1930 renamed Krasnoyarsk regional hub. 09/15/1937 A post office has been created in Krasnoyarsk.”

In terms of its level of development, Russia is not inferior to the developed countries of Europe (France, Sweden, Germany). For every 10 thousand inhabitants there are 3 communication enterprises.

Electrical communications include telephone,videotelephone , telegraph and space, radio and television broadcasting, e-mail. This type of communication is underdeveloped in Russia. For example, in terms of the number of mobile subscribers, Russia is not inferior to the developed countries of the world (Table 38). But the provision of landline telephones is insufficient.

Significant differences in provisionpopulation landline telephones in different regions of Russia. The cities and villages of Central Russia are best equipped with telephones: 28 telephone sets per 100 families. The lowest rates are in Eastern Siberia - 18 devices per 100 families. Among the regions of Russia, the level of telephone penetration is highest in Moscow. Here, almost every family has a landline telephone. Dagestan and Ingushetia have the least telephone coverage, where only every tenth family has a telephone.

Number of users of mobile communications and the global computer networkInternet is growing rapidly in the country. The number of mobile cellular users has surpassed the number of residents of the country and continues to increase. Every sixth Russian uses the Internet. The leader in this area is Moscow.

The service sector provides services to the public.

Consists of the following industries:

Housing and communal services

· Social security services

· Trade and catering

· Household services

· Culture

· Education

· Medicine

· Credit and financial services

· Public administration

· Recreational farming

Categorize examples by industry:

Garbage removal, shop, theater, bank, school, sanatorium, post office, nursing home, home renovation, orphanage, market, hairdresser, bathhouse, telephone, library, kindergarten, hospital, pharmacy, insurance company.

Let's get acquainted with housing and communal services and recreational facilities

Housing and communal services - housing and communal services. The provision of housing and the quality of housing in the country is low (30% of citizens do not have housing)

There should be 18 square meters per person

Recreational economy

The main task is to provide people with rest.

Restoration of health, rest takes place in special institutions, rest homes, boarding houses, camp sites

Requirements for a recreational area:

• Relief (flat, hilly, mountainous);
• Favorable climate (non-hot summers and mild winters), optimal average temperatures from -15 to +25C;
• Availability of water bodies (rivers and lakes);
• Historical and cultural monuments;
• Mineral waters and therapeutic muds;
• Warm sea;
• Life safety (low crime rate).

Fig.69. Recreation in Russia.

A cluster of institutions in the city – a resort town

What resort cities do you know?

Factors in the formation of recreational areas:

Based on natural conditions and resources

· Around major cities

· Historical and cultural objects

State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla

Faculty of Natural Geography

Summary of a geography lesson on the topic: « Connection. Service sector. The science»

Completed by: 4th year EHF student,

A Group G/B-2.

Ufa - 2011

Tasks

1.: Form an idea of ​​the types of communication and.

2.Develop the ability to work with text.

Target didactic: create conditions for mastering educational material

Equipment: textbook, workbook, atlas.

Literature: , : Geography of Russia textbook for grades 8-9: M - Bustard 2003

1. Organizing time.

Teacher: Today we continue to study the topic Communication, and we will start a new topic Service Sector. The science

2. Learning a new topic

Connection- this branch of the economy that provides the reception and transmission of information.

What does postal service do?

Additional material : “Postage first appeared in Siberia in 1698. I went 3 times in the summer from Moscow to Tobolsk, then to Yeniseisk, Nerchinsk and Yakutsk. In July 1862, telegraph operation in the direction of St. Petersburg was opened at the Omsk telegraph station. Telegraph communications gave a powerful impetus to the development of Omsk.

In 1917, the Omsk telegraph was a large enterprise with connections with Moscow, St. Petersburg, Samara, Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, Barnaul, Semipalatinsk, Pavlodar and other cities. October 19, 1990 a message switching center based on an electronic computer complex was put into operation. Since 1999, telegrams have been processed by the electronic station STIN-E.

What types of electrical communications do you know?

Students: Communication is divided into two main types: postal and electrical.

Teacher: Correct.

Additional material : “ The first telephone line in the city of Omsk was built in 1884; it connected the residence of the Governor General (currently: the building of the Museum of Fine Arts) with his office (building on Internatsionalnaya Street).

On March 15, 1904, a telephone exchange of the Ericsson company with 60 numbers was put into operation in Omsk. Further development of telephone communications in the city proceeded at a rapid pace

During the Great Patriotic War, the city telephone network developed due to the evacuated equipment of the Moscow city telephone network.

The first automatic telephone exchange (ATS-2) with 6,000 numbers was put into operation on January 4, 1961. In the 90s, more than eighty thousand citizens were provided with telephone communications."

Teacher: - Write down a new lesson topic . Service sector. The science

Service sector- one of the most important areas of the modern economy, determining the quality of life of the population. Service sector enterprises are mainly concentrated in cities. This is understandable. The bulk of our country is concentrated in cities.

In modern society, the role of Sciences.

The science-sphere of human activity, the main task of which is to obtain and systematize a variety of knowledge

The leading role in science belongs to scientific personnel - scientists whose creative work allows us to obtain new knowledge.

About half of the country's scientific organizations are located in Central Russia (2/5) and the North-West (1/8). The bulk of the scientific personnel is concentrated here. (58% and 12%, respectively). The bulk of scientific institutions are concentrated in large cities and agglomerations. This is explained, firstly, by the fact that scientific and educational institutions were formed in capital cities.

Secondly, the main consumers of scientific developments are concentrated in the largest cities - enterprises of knowledge-intensive industries and the defense complex.

Thirdly, for research organizations, scientific institutions establish close ties. Therefore, they mutually attract each other, contributing to the territorial concentration of science.

Thus, significant disproportions have historically developed in the geography of Russian science. They are being smoothed out as new scientific research centers are created in other parts of the country.

The geography of Russian science and its organization may change significantly due to the creation technopolises.

Technopolises are special territorial formations that unite scientific centers with knowledge-intensive industrial enterprises.

The basis of the technopolis is the scientific center, which forms a regional center for the development and production of world-class high-tech products. The activity program of a technopolis usually includes conducting fundamental and applied scientific research with the subsequent promotion of their results into production. Technopolises enjoy government support.

In Russia, a National Nanotechnology Network (NNN) will be created, the purpose of which is to organize the effective exchange of information between centers involved in the development of nanotechnologies,
The nanonetwork will unite 50 research centers and universities, to which the state is currently allocating money as part of the federal target program “Development of the Nanoindustry.

In addition, many scientific centers have been formed in the Russian defense complex, located in so-called closed cities. They were based on nuclear and missile weapons. Now they can become the cores of new technopolises.

3. Fixing the material

List the types of electrical communications. How are they developed?

What is the role of postal services and the level of its development?

What are the main disproportions in the placement of domestic science? How are they overcome?

4.Homework: Connection. Service sector. The science.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

2 slide

Slide description:

LESSON PLAN: 1. Types of communication: a) postal; b) electric. 2. Level of development. 3. Service sector: a) composition of the service sector b) housing and communal services. 4. Recreational facilities: a) requirements for the recreational area; b) factors influencing the formation of recreational areas.

3 slide

Slide description:

SURVEY What is an infrastructure complex? What does the infrastructure complex have in common? What sectors are included in the infrastructure complex? What is the difference between the production and non-production spheres of the complex? To which area of ​​the complex can the topic of our lesson be attributed?

4 slide

Slide description:

Communication is a branch of the economy that provides the reception and transmission of information. COMMUNICATION postal electric

5 slide

Slide description:

FROM THE HISTORY OF POSTAL... Since 1677, the international postal service began to operate in Russia. The first lines of public mail went beyond the borders of the Russian state to “German” countries - this is how Russian people called the lands where they spoke “dumb” languages ​​incomprehensible to our ancestors. In addition to international shipments, the “German Post” also delivered merchant letters and government papers throughout Russia. Thanks to the “German Post,” the postal service established correspondence exchange points and introduced rules to ensure regular mail delivery. It is noteworthy that what distinguished the “German post” from Western European ones was that it was a government agency, while in the West, the delivery of letters was mainly carried out by private enterprises. In Russia, the first mailbox appeared in St. Petersburg on December 13, 1848. Blue in color, made of one-inch boards and lined with iron, it was inconvenient to use and easy to break into, so it became a real find for postal thieves. To prevent mail theft, the authorities replaced wooden boxes with cast iron ones - weighing more than forty kilograms. And only in 1910 designer P.N. Shabarov developed an iron mailbox with a mechanically opening bottom door, which we still use today.

6 slide

Slide description:

The Great Patriotic War brought another test to postal workers; the post office was faced with the task of ensuring uninterrupted communications between the front and the rear. With the sharply increased volume of correspondence, there was a shortage of envelopes and postcards, and in this situation the famous “soldier’s triangle” was born. Up to 70 million letters were delivered to the active army every month. Mail cars were attached to the most urgent military trains, mail was transported by planes, cars, ships, motorcycles - by all possible means. Triangle letters came to the soldiers thanks to the well-established organization of postal services and, of course, thanks to field postmen who went to the front line at the risk of their lives in search of the addressee.

7 slide

Slide description:

ELECTRONIC MAIL (E-MAIL, EMAIL, E-MAIL) - service and services for sending and receiving electronic messages over a distributed (including global) computer network. The emergence of email can be traced back to 1965, when Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) employees Noel Morris and Tom Vlek wrote the MAIL program for the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system installed on the IBM 7090/7094 computer. The first email program for sending messages was created in 1971 by Ray Tomlinson, an employee of Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. According to the email author, while testing the program, he sent meaningless sets of letters to himself from computer to computer. The @ symbol, familiar to users, came into use a year later. This key represented the English preposition at. After some time, thanks to Larry Roberts, a simpler program for working with mail appeared, which we would now call an “mail client.” It made it possible to create and sort lists of letters, the user could select and read the desired message, save the message in a file, and also forward emails to another address or automatically reply to a received message. In 1979, the first “smiley face” appeared in email. Kevin McKenzie suggested diversifying dry computer texts. Despite the heated debate among supporters and opponents of the innovation, emoticons soon became very popular among users.

8 slide

Slide description:

EMAIL IN RUSSIA: 11 years ago the first free mail server appeared on the Runet. Although the birth of the email era in Russia began, rather, in 1998, when Russian developers launched the mail.ru service. Since then, our “web” has been replenished with almost two dozen free large mail servers. Despite the similar structure and system of functioning, leaders and outsiders emerged among them. In January 2013, the national government email began operating. National state email is intended for communication between citizens and the state. This does not mean that it is analogous to existing commercial emails, which allow everyone to communicate with everyone. This is a secure mailbox. Accordingly, this is a secure mailbox and if the department receives an application from a citizen, it no longer needs any confirmation.

Slide 9

Slide description:

FIELD OF SERVICES Housing and communal services. Social security services for the population. Trade and catering. Household services. Communication services. Cultural service. Community service and child education. Credit and financial services. Recreational services. Medical service. Passenger transport.

10 slide

The purpose of the lesson:

-

Tasks:

Cognitive:

Consider the natural resources of the seas of Russia;

Reveal the environmental problems of the Russian seas;

Study the seas, straits, bays using maps.

Educational:

Develop the ability to write a description of a geographical object based on the proposed plan;

Continue to develop the ability to independently work with different sources of geographic information

Educational:

Foster a sense of pride in your country and respect for nature;

Main content:

Workshop.

Students' actions:

Download:

Preview:

Lesson topic: Service sector 02/19/2014 8th grade

Homework for lesson 43:1) study § 42; 2) answer questions and complete tasks 3-11 (if in the previous lesson students preferred questionnaires, then task 11 can be omitted); 3) complete tasks 35 on p. 58; 56 and 57 on p. 62 simulators.

Lesson 43. Service industry

The purpose of the lesson:

- introduce students to service industries.

Identify what a service is and what industries make up the service sector.
Expand the concept of “territorial service organization”.
Identify the differences between the service sector in the city and rural areas.
Develop the ability to conduct simple sociological research (questioning).

Tasks:

Cognitive:

Consider the natural resources of the seas of Russia;

Reveal the environmental problems of the Russian seas;

Study the seas, straits, bays using maps.

Educational:

Develop the ability to write a description of a geographical object based on the proposed plan;

Continue to develop the ability to independently work with different sources of geographic information

Educational:

Foster a sense of pride in your country and respect for nature;

Main content:services sector. Composition and importance of the service sector. Types of services. Territorial organization of the service sector. Features of organizing services in cities and rural areas. Territorial service system.

Workshop. Assessing the degree of accessibility of the service sector and the demand for various types of services using the example of your locality.

Students' actions:analyze the text of § 43, the diagram “Composition of the service sector”, conduct a survey to determine the degree of accessibility and demand for various types of services, give proposals for improving the territorial organization of services.

Value component of the lesson:the importance of the service sector for society and oneself personally,problems of development of the non-productive sphere.

Checking homework:
The teacher checks homework based on the material in § 42 and the tasks of the simulator.

1. Repetition of previously studied.

1st place in terms of cargo turnover is…

The most expensive type of transport...

The densest transport network has been formed in the Russian Federation on...

The main advantage of road transport...

The main railway line of the Russian Federation...

The cheapest transportation...

Weather conditions have a particularly strong impact on the work...

The largest port on the Baltic...

1st place in cargo turnover belongs to the ports of... the basin

Shipping between the ports of one's own country is called...

The port has the largest volume of cargo transportation…

Transporting passengers over long distances is the main specialization of...transport.

During the classes:

The teacher greets the students. Everyone greets the guests present together.

Children's response.

Bring to the topic, interest (what?)

It is impossible to imagine the life of a modern person without transport and telephones, without shops, schools, hairdressers, repair shops, theaters, museums - in other words, without the service sector. Our standard of living depends on the level of its development. The service sector or social infrastructure consists of many industries that provide services.

The stage of preparation for the assimilation of new knowledge, the formation of the subjective position of students in the educational process
	Joint determination of activity goals, joint planning of upcoming work, determination of ways to achieve common and individual results
	Awareness and acceptance of the purpose of educational activities by students, inclusion of students in the process of goal setting
	Focus on the interests and needs of students, taking into account their level of preparedness for upcoming activities
	The connection between the problem being studied and life situations of today.

You can give examples of economic sectors and ask them to classify which ones belong to the production sector and which ones do not. At the end of the lesson, repeat this task

The stage of assimilation of new knowledge or methods of action.
	Using the educational value of the material.
	Creating Choice Situations
	Joint distribution of assignments, responsibilities, functions, funds, types of group activities in accordance with the capabilities of each participant in the activity
	Providing opportunities for students to achieve positive results and success in work

Consolidation of knowledge and methods of action.
	The presence of tasks aimed at developing emotional and sensory perception, creative imagination and intuition.
	Supporting the student’s individual achievements and adequately assessing them.
	Formation and development of assessment skills (commenting on the teacher’s assessments, discussing assessments with students, collective assessment, mutual testing and assessment of each other by students) (underline)
	Teacher encouragement of mutual assistance.
	Adequacy of students’ self-assessment of capabilities and abilities

3. Consolidation of new material.

What industries does the non-production sector include?

What is the importance of the service sector for a person?

Continue the sentence - “a service is...”

What types of services do you know?

What industries make up the service sector?

What recreational zones can be identified on the territory of the Russian Federation and the countries of the former USSR?

Name the most popular foreign resorts.

Homework, instructions for completion.
	Focus on the need for a conscientious, systematic approach to homework completion
	Variability of homework
	Algorithm for completing homework

Learning new material:

Three economic sectors:

Primary sector of the economyunites industries related to the extraction of raw materials and their processing into semi-finished products. The primary sector includesAgriculture , fishing , forestry , hunting (agricultural sector) and extraction of natural raw materials (coal , oil , metal ores, etc.).

Secondary sectoreconomy – manufacturing industry And construction .

Tertiary sectoreconomy - services sector . The transition to the dominant tertiary economy is associated with an increase in labor productivity inindustry , in connection with which resources were freed up for the development of the service sector. Service sectors includetransport , connection , trade , tourism , healthcare and so on.

“What is the service sector and what industries form it”

So, the service sector is part of the tertiary sector of the economy, which is increasingly important in modern society. This area is eitherbrings to the consumer what has been produced in other industries (through trade),and ensures their operation (through repairs), oritself produces services for the population (lawyer, actor, teacher, doctor, etc.).That is, there are two types of services.

Let's compare:

Watch factory (material goods - watches)

Watch repair workshop (new material goods are not produced, but repair services are provided).

Most goods reach consumers through the service sector.

In a lesson devoted to the study of the non-productive sector (or service sector), students first of all establish its composition. Figure 75 (p. 203 of the textbook) helps them with this.Working with cards (individually) - give examples for each service sector.

The teacher asks the question: “Why is the role of the non-production sphere increasing in connection with the development of society?”
Modern man needs services and is accustomed to using the service sector throughout his life. Drawing students' attention to the definition (p. 202 of the textbook), the teacher introduces the conceptservice is an activity that does not create a new material product, but changes the quality of the product or provides some benefit in the form of activity.

How do you understand this definition? Disassemble the definition and write it down in a notebook.

Recreational and sanatorium-resort institutions have special specifics of placement. When placing them, it is important not only proximity to the consumer of services, but also the availability of appropriate natural and socio-economic resources. Therefore, two large recreational and resort areas have been formed in our country in the North Caucasus - the most favorable region in Russia in terms of natural conditions, which also has the most favorable conditions. large reserves of mineral waters and other healing factors. This is the Caucasian Mineral Waters region in the Stavropol Territory (the cities of Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki, etc.) and the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory (Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik).

However, recreational and sanatorium-resort institutions in the Moscow region also have a large capacity. Their development was not due to favorable natural conditions, but to the proximity of the consumer. They are designed mainly for short-term rest and treatment. Important tourism centers are located in the Northwestern (St. Petersburg with its suburbs, Rostov Veliky, Novgorod, Pskov) and Central economic regions (the city of Zolotoyrings Russia - Moscow, Vladimir, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Uglich, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Sergiev Posad).

The next issue discussed in the lesson is “Territorial organization of the service sector.” (What services do you use every day? Give examples.) (What services do you use occasionally? Periodically? Give examples.)

The location of institutions is determined primarily by the frequency of demand.

Us. 204 textbooks schoolchildren find the answer to the question of what includesterritorial service organization.

Income of the population determines the ratio of self-service and public services. The higher the family income level, the smaller the share of self-service, since the need to save money on services provided by specialized service organizations disappears. As incomes rise, the demands for the quantity and quality of services provided also grow.

Here you can come up with something with questionnaires!!!

Using medical care as an example, students identify the features of the territorial service system.

Google map with signed institutions of the Central region

Organization of services in cities and rural areas

Come up with a task (so that you can figure it out yourself). Can print out site plans... for kids to work with
Then the question of how service organization differs in urban and rural areas is discussed. It is advisable for students to express themselves on this issue based on personal observations and experience.
At the end of the lesson, students complete tasks under the headings “I can do this” and “This is interesting to me” on p. 205 textbook.

Practical work

(possibly with questionnaires)

Homework:1) study § 43; 2) answer questions 1-4 on p. 205; 3) complete tasks No. 14 on p. 52; No. 37 on p. 58-59; No. 58 on p. 62 simulators.

Recreational economy

Regions are distinguished: 1) on the basis of natural resources and conditions (ChPK, Caucasian Mining Waters, Baikal);

2) around large cities (large recreational zone - Moscow region);

3) valuable cultural and historical objects (Sergiev Posad, Suzdal, palace and park objects of St. Petersburg - Petrodvorets, Pavlov, Pushkin).

The recreational sector is distributed extremely unevenly throughout the country; most of the institutions are concentrated in the European part of the Russian Federation, in the North Caucasus region. region, in the Middle Urals. The main problem of the recreational sector is that the network of recreation and tourism institutions created in the country does not meet the needs of the population for services. For example, the demand for excursion services is satisfied only by 20 - 30%; in the total volume of paid services, the weight of health services does not exceed 10%. It is also relevant today that after the collapse of the USSR, the most comfortable resorts of the Crimea, Transcaucasia and the Baltic states remained outside the borders of the Russian Federation.

The main features of the service sector can be identified:

1. The place and time of production and consumption of services for most types of services coincide. Therefore, when placing

For most service organizations, the most important focus is on the consumer - either on his place of residence, or on his place of work, or on transport flows between places of residence and work. 2. Services can be needed by everyone and always (for example, housing and communal services), by many and always (transport - for trips for a wide variety of purposes), by a few and always (schools - for those families with school-age children), few and sometimes (hospitals - people with poor health conditions).

3. Services can generally be classified as routine (needed all the time), intermittent (needed one to several times a month), and occasional (needed a few times a year or less). For the first group, proximity to consumers - their home or work - is especially important. Organizations providing services are usually the smallest, and their networks are the densest. For occasional services, quality, diversity, and availability of specialists are more important. Organizations are the largest, and they are usually located in places that are equally accessible to a large number of consumers (in the city center). Organizations providing periodic services, in terms of characteristics, occupy an intermediate position between the two extreme groups, and their location is most closely related to traffic flows.

4. Most services are characterized by sharp temporary fluctuations in the need for them. These fluctuations can be daily (morning and evening watch peak in transport), weekly (the load on entertainment institutions is mainly on weekends), seasonal (resort season for recreation and treatment institutions, as well as for “all other service organizations in resort areas). The total capacity of organizations should be such as to ensure that needs are met during peak periods. But a significant part of the time, “peak” capacities are idle, which reduces the economic efficiency of the service sector.

5. For each type of service, it is possible to identify the minimum and optimal size of enterprises in terms of quality and cost of services. At the same time, organizations of minimal size usually predominate. The consolidation of sizes leads to improved quality and lower costs, but at the same time there is a distance between service organizations and consumers. Thus, social efficiency (convenience for consumers) comes into conflict with economic efficiency (optimal size of enterprises).

6. Paid and free services are distinguished. The latter are also paid, but their provision is financed by the entire society as a whole through the corresponding budgetary and extra-budgetary funds. Therefore, for specific consumers they are free. Paid services are provided to everyone who wants to receive them and is able to pay. Therefore, the relationship between specific consumers and organizations turns out to be probabilistic. The more accessible it is to the consumer, the greater the likelihood of using a particular enterprise. For free services, as a rule, there is a clear connection (territorial) of consumers to organizations. Typically, consumers are tied to the nearest (territorially) organizations, but the peculiarities of the administrative structure can disrupt this dependence.

7. One of the main criteria for the level of development of the service sector and the optimality of its territorial organization is the availability of services. It can be territorial (temporary) and financial (profitable). Territorial service system - service institutions along with their zone of influence. Accordingly, it is possible to identify service centers - points that serve not only their own population, but also from other places. Availability in this case can be expressed as the proportion of people using the service out of the total population in the area of ​​influence that needs this service.

8. Territorial service systems differ between cities and rural areas. In cities, the system consists of three levels: 1) city; 2) residential area; 3) microdistrict. For each level, its own kit service sector institutions.

In large cities, the population of microdistricts reaches 20 thousand people, districts - up to 100-150 thousand people. In small towns, only microdistricts with a population of 4-6 thousand people are distinguished. As a rule, all daily services are provided within the microdistrict. The main thing is proximity to the consumer (within walking distance of 5-10 minutes) with a minimum level of quality. Most periodic services are provided within the area. Organizations are most often concentrated in transport hubs (highway intersections, metro stations, etc.). Territorial accessibility - 5-10 minutes by public transport. Almost all services, including occasional ones, are provided at the city level. For them, the main thing is quality while being accessible to the maximum number of consumers. Therefore, the relevant organizations are usually concentrated in the city center.

9. In the countryside it is relatively full kit daily service institutions can only be created in settlements with more than 1 thousand inhabitants. This will correspond to a microdistrict in the city, but some organizations will have to be subsidized, so the number of clients will be too small for break-even work. In smaller settlements there will be only individual institutions (shops, schools, hospitals, etc.), and in most rural settlements there are no service institutions at all. Episodic and most periodic services to rural residents are provided in cities, which is one of the manifestations of the central functions of cities.

10. Several main indicators of the development of the service sector can be identified. In rural areas, transport and road networks are especially important to ensure that consumers reach service centers. Therefore, a very important indicator is the density of the transport network. For each type of service, satisfaction can be determined - by standards (normative method) or by actual consumption (behavioral method). The consumption of services per person (in absolute or monetary terms) is also important, but per capita consumption must necessarily be correlated with accessibility - the share of those consuming the service out of all those in need of it. Average per capita consumption can be relatively high, while for the majority of those in need the service may be inaccessible for one reason or another. An important indicator is the complexity of the service sector. The provision of many types of services can be very well developed, but the services are not interchangeable. And the absence of at least one of the basic services makes the entire service sector undeveloped and unable to satisfy needs. Finally, the importance of the service sector in the economy is judged by its share of GDP and employment. But at the same time, sometimes even a 100% share of the service sector is not evidence of its high level of development, but an indicator of the underdevelopment of all other sectors of the economy (for example, such a situation may arise in a mining town after the closure of all mines).